BUTADIENE RUBBER (BR) An elastomer with properties somewhat similar to natural rubber. Although its properties are not quite that of Natural Rubber, in some cases its low temperature characteristics are better.
Specific gravity.................................0.91
Compression set..................................B
Elongation, max............ ..................6x
Hardness, Shore A............................ 40-80
Brittle point (F).................................-100
BUTYL RUBBER (IIR) A petroleum product made of co-polymerizingisobutylene and isoprene (for desired degree necessary to vulcanization). Has excellent resistance to gas permeation, making it useful for vacuum applications.
Specific gravity....................................0.92
Tensile strength...................................3,000
Elongation, max...................................3x
Hardness, Shore A................................40-80
Brittle point (F).....................................-80
CHLOROPRENE / NEOPRENE (CR) Among the earliest of the synthetic rubbers, can be compounded for service at temperatures of --65° to +300°F, and most are either resistant to deterioration from exposure to petroleum lubricants, or to oxygen. (Neoprene is a Trademark of DuPont)
Specific gravity.......................................1.24
Tensile strength.......................................4,000
Elongation, max.......................................6x
Hardness.................................................30-90
Brittle Point..............................................-80
ETHYLENE PROPYLENE COPOLYMER (EPM/EPDM) Elastomers prepared from ethylene and propylene monomers , at times with a small amount of a third monomer (Etlylene Propylene Terpolymer). Excellent resistance to phosphate ester type hydraulic fluids.
Specific gravity..........................................86
Tensile Strength.........................................3,000
Elongation, max.........................................6x
Hardness, Shore A.....................................30-90
Brittle Point (F)..........................................-90
NATURAL RUBBER (NR) Found in the juices of many plants (shrubs, vines and trees), the principal of which is the HeveaBrasiliensis, native to Brazil. Especially vulnerable to petroleum oils, natural rubber has been all but completely replaced by synthetics for seal use.
Specific gravity..............................................0.92
Tensile strength..............................................4,000
Elongation, max..............................................7x
Hardness, Shore A...........................................30-90
Brittle point (F).................................................-80
NITRILE BUTADIENE (NBR) A copolymer of butediene and acrylonitrile, due to its excellent resistance to petroleum products and wide temperature range, the most widely used elastomer in the seal industry. Somewhat vulnerable to ozone, sunlight or weather.
Specific gravity.............................................1.0
Tensile strength..........................................4,000
Elongation, max..............................................4x
Hardness, Shore A......................................40-90
Brittle point (F)...............................................-40
POLYISOPRENE (IR) A synthetic elastomer with characteristics equal to, or similar to, those of Natural Rubber.
Specific gravity.....................................0.91
Tensile strength...................................4000
Elongation, max.......................................7x
Hardness, Shore A...............................30-90
Brittle point (F)........................................-80
STYRENE BUTADIENE (SBR) Best known as Buna S , this, along with natural rubber, account for 90% of the total world rubber consumption. Its chemical composition is of styrene and butadiene rubber, and it is not recommended for exposure to ozone, petroleum oils or sunlight.
Specific gravity......................................0.94
Tensile strength....................................3,500
Elongation, max....................................6x
Hardness, Shore a..................................40-90
Brittle point (F).....................................-80
SILICONE (SI / VMQ / PVMQ) The silicones are a group of materials made from silicone, oxygen, hydrogen and carbon which have poor tensile strength, and resistance to tear and abrasion, but exceptional heat and compression set resistance. High strength silicones have also been developed, but do not normally compare to natural rubber.
Specific gravity.....................................0.98
Tensile strength...................................1,200
Elongation, max.......................................7x
Hardness, Shore A...............................30-85
Brittle point (F).............................-90 to -180
วันเสาร์ที่ 22 มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2551
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Rubber Market in Thailand
Rubber was first found by the Aztecs in Mexico, Incas in Peru and by tribes in the Amazon basin, being initially used for balls in ritualistic games, figurines for worship and as incense. Rubber was ‘discovered’ by Christopher Columbus, taken back to Europe and, by the 18th century, used in the production of consumer products including tarpaulins, diver suits and water bottles. The demand for rubber from wild trees quickly outstripped supply, so the obvious step was to manage and control the stock of rubber trees.
Around 1840, rubber tree seeds were gathered in the Amazon Basin, sent to England for germination and redistributed to South and Southeast Asia starting in Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka), and onto the Malayan Peninsula. Rubber plantations were slow to establish themselves, although they operated in Indonesia by 1861, and Malaysia by 1860. A worldwide ‘rubber boom’ started with the invention of the pneumatic tire in 1888, followed by the introduction of motorized vehicles at the turn of the century. Investments came pouring into Southeast Asian plantations by 1905, led by tire makers Goodyear, Dunlop and Michelin. The hub of natural rubber production had rapidly shifted from the Americas to Southeast Asia, and remains in the region today, largely in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia.
Check Out Our Featured Rubber Product Exporters
Hah Shung Heng Rubber
Co., Ltd.
Throughout the last decade, Thailand has become the largest natural rubber producer and exporter in the world. The south, starting in Chumpon Province (about 500 km south of Bangkok) and continuing to the border with Malaysia, is the heart of rubber production in Thailand, with smaller crops grown in the Eastern and Northeastern regions. Thailand produced 2.065 millions tons of rubber in 1998, exporting 1.84 million tons of the yield earning US$ 1.46 billion. The leading export markets for Thai rubber are Japan, the USA, China, Malaysia and South Korea. Rubber plantations in Thailand are dominated by the small-holding sector, characterized as production cultivated from four hectares or less.
The natural rubber industry in Thailand is currently facing difficulties because the market price for rubber has been in decline. Export volumes have been increasing, but revenue earned has decreased because of the devalued baht and low rubber price. Thailand and Malaysia have recently withdrawn from the International Natural Rubber Organization (INRO), dissatisfied with the body’s ability to stabilize the price of rubber on the world market. The current trend in natural rubber finds a reduced demand for smoked rubber sheets, of which Thailand is the world’s leading producer, with preferences shifting to rubber blocks and concentrated latex as these forms offer buyers a higher quality standardized product. Competition is increasing in the smoked rubber sheet market from countries with lower production costs like India and Vietnam, while Malaysia and Indonesia have cornered large shares of the higher quality market for rubber blocks and concentrate.
Thailand has been successful in attracting and promoting domestic rubber manufacturing companies, but must focus its efforts for further development of these value-adding industries as 90 percent of natural rubber production is exported. Tire and tube manufacturers are the largest users of natural rubber in the country, accounting for 47 percent of domestic rubber consumption. There are three well-known large tire companies, Goodyear, Bridgestone and Michelin as well as 16 other companies producing tires for cars, trucks, buses and aircraft operating in Thailand. Other large manufacturing industries make rubber gloves, condoms, balloons, auto parts, cushions and elastic bands.
The future for Thailand’s natural rubber industry is unclear at the moment. Prices are likely to remain depressed, even with Thai and Malaysian efforts to manipulate prices upwards. Their pact is far from a cartel on natural rubber, as Indonesia has not joined their efforts, while synthetic rubber can replace natural rubber, acting as a viable substitute if prices dramatically increase. Plans are underway to further expand the rubber industry into the northeast of Thailand. Small farmers are being offered incentives and guidance to help them improve the quality of the rubber, and shift towards production of rubber blocks and concentrate. Further focus will be placed on attracting and expanding rubber-based industries including further production of rubber gloves, condoms and tires that capitalize on Thailand’s plentiful, steady supply.
Thailand is under pressure to maintain rubber as an important part of its economy and needs to upgrade the production technology to meet market trends, and further develop supporting industries to add value and maximize the resource’s benefit to the country.
Around 1840, rubber tree seeds were gathered in the Amazon Basin, sent to England for germination and redistributed to South and Southeast Asia starting in Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka), and onto the Malayan Peninsula. Rubber plantations were slow to establish themselves, although they operated in Indonesia by 1861, and Malaysia by 1860. A worldwide ‘rubber boom’ started with the invention of the pneumatic tire in 1888, followed by the introduction of motorized vehicles at the turn of the century. Investments came pouring into Southeast Asian plantations by 1905, led by tire makers Goodyear, Dunlop and Michelin. The hub of natural rubber production had rapidly shifted from the Americas to Southeast Asia, and remains in the region today, largely in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia.
Check Out Our Featured Rubber Product Exporters
Hah Shung Heng Rubber
Co., Ltd.
Throughout the last decade, Thailand has become the largest natural rubber producer and exporter in the world. The south, starting in Chumpon Province (about 500 km south of Bangkok) and continuing to the border with Malaysia, is the heart of rubber production in Thailand, with smaller crops grown in the Eastern and Northeastern regions. Thailand produced 2.065 millions tons of rubber in 1998, exporting 1.84 million tons of the yield earning US$ 1.46 billion. The leading export markets for Thai rubber are Japan, the USA, China, Malaysia and South Korea. Rubber plantations in Thailand are dominated by the small-holding sector, characterized as production cultivated from four hectares or less.
The natural rubber industry in Thailand is currently facing difficulties because the market price for rubber has been in decline. Export volumes have been increasing, but revenue earned has decreased because of the devalued baht and low rubber price. Thailand and Malaysia have recently withdrawn from the International Natural Rubber Organization (INRO), dissatisfied with the body’s ability to stabilize the price of rubber on the world market. The current trend in natural rubber finds a reduced demand for smoked rubber sheets, of which Thailand is the world’s leading producer, with preferences shifting to rubber blocks and concentrated latex as these forms offer buyers a higher quality standardized product. Competition is increasing in the smoked rubber sheet market from countries with lower production costs like India and Vietnam, while Malaysia and Indonesia have cornered large shares of the higher quality market for rubber blocks and concentrate.
Thailand has been successful in attracting and promoting domestic rubber manufacturing companies, but must focus its efforts for further development of these value-adding industries as 90 percent of natural rubber production is exported. Tire and tube manufacturers are the largest users of natural rubber in the country, accounting for 47 percent of domestic rubber consumption. There are three well-known large tire companies, Goodyear, Bridgestone and Michelin as well as 16 other companies producing tires for cars, trucks, buses and aircraft operating in Thailand. Other large manufacturing industries make rubber gloves, condoms, balloons, auto parts, cushions and elastic bands.
The future for Thailand’s natural rubber industry is unclear at the moment. Prices are likely to remain depressed, even with Thai and Malaysian efforts to manipulate prices upwards. Their pact is far from a cartel on natural rubber, as Indonesia has not joined their efforts, while synthetic rubber can replace natural rubber, acting as a viable substitute if prices dramatically increase. Plans are underway to further expand the rubber industry into the northeast of Thailand. Small farmers are being offered incentives and guidance to help them improve the quality of the rubber, and shift towards production of rubber blocks and concentrate. Further focus will be placed on attracting and expanding rubber-based industries including further production of rubber gloves, condoms and tires that capitalize on Thailand’s plentiful, steady supply.
Thailand is under pressure to maintain rubber as an important part of its economy and needs to upgrade the production technology to meet market trends, and further develop supporting industries to add value and maximize the resource’s benefit to the country.
World Rubber Production
World Rubber Production
Unit:Tonnes
THAILAND
2,065,000
INDONESIA
1,680,000
MALAYSIA
866,000
INDIA
591,000
CHINA
450,000
AFRICA
334,000
VIETNAM
219,000
LATIN AMERICA
112,000
SRI LANKA
96,000
PHILIPPINES
64,000
OTHERS
113,000
TOTAL
6,590,000
Source: World Trade Organization
Unit:Tonnes
THAILAND
2,065,000
INDONESIA
1,680,000
MALAYSIA
866,000
INDIA
591,000
CHINA
450,000
AFRICA
334,000
VIETNAM
219,000
LATIN AMERICA
112,000
SRI LANKA
96,000
PHILIPPINES
64,000
OTHERS
113,000
TOTAL
6,590,000
Source: World Trade Organization
Overview of the rubber industry and tire manufacturing.
Lewis R.
Division of Occupational Toxicology, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
The production of rubber and rubber products is a large and diverse industry. Natural rubber, obtained from plantations in Africa and Asia, accounts for only about 25% of the rubber used in industry. Synthetic alternatives, developed during World War II, are the primary sources of raw materials today. Health hazards in synthetic rubber production are primary related to exposure to monomers. An excess incidence of leukemia has been observed in styrene/butadiene rubber production, attributed to exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Excesses of cancer and respiratory disease have been reported, although specific causative agents are rarely identified. Exposures have varied greatly over the years, based on changes in materials used, work practices, and ventilation. In modern industry, exposures to noise, skin and respiratory irritants, and ergonomic stressors remain important. The tire industry, in particular, has been studied extensively over the past 50 years.
Division of Occupational Toxicology, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
The production of rubber and rubber products is a large and diverse industry. Natural rubber, obtained from plantations in Africa and Asia, accounts for only about 25% of the rubber used in industry. Synthetic alternatives, developed during World War II, are the primary sources of raw materials today. Health hazards in synthetic rubber production are primary related to exposure to monomers. An excess incidence of leukemia has been observed in styrene/butadiene rubber production, attributed to exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Excesses of cancer and respiratory disease have been reported, although specific causative agents are rarely identified. Exposures have varied greatly over the years, based on changes in materials used, work practices, and ventilation. In modern industry, exposures to noise, skin and respiratory irritants, and ergonomic stressors remain important. The tire industry, in particular, has been studied extensively over the past 50 years.
Carbon blacks
Common uses
Carbon blacks is a material. today usually use [70%] of carbon black is as pigment and reinforcing filler in rubber products, especially tires. Carbon black also helps reducing heat damage and increasing tire has long life.
And, Carbon black also improves tensile strength in the rubber.
Practically all rubber products use carbon black so they are black in color.
Such as Tires, Belt, hoses, and other rubber goods.
1.Carbon black suppliers in the world
CABOT
COLUMBIAN Chemical Company
CONTINENTAL Carbon Company
DEGUSSA
SID RICHARDSON
CANCARB
MITSUBISHI Chemical
GIRSA Industrias Negromex
INDIAN RAYON
CHEMAPOL
LEHMANN & VOSS
NHUMO (Girsa)
THAI CARBON BLACK
KOREA CARBON BLACKCONTINENTAL
CARBON AUSTRALIA
Carbon blacks is a material. today usually use [70%] of carbon black is as pigment and reinforcing filler in rubber products, especially tires. Carbon black also helps reducing heat damage and increasing tire has long life.
And, Carbon black also improves tensile strength in the rubber.
Practically all rubber products use carbon black so they are black in color.
Such as Tires, Belt, hoses, and other rubber goods.
1.Carbon black suppliers in the world
CABOT
COLUMBIAN Chemical Company
CONTINENTAL Carbon Company
DEGUSSA
SID RICHARDSON
CANCARB
MITSUBISHI Chemical
GIRSA Industrias Negromex
INDIAN RAYON
CHEMAPOL
LEHMANN & VOSS
NHUMO (Girsa)
THAI CARBON BLACK
KOREA CARBON BLACKCONTINENTAL
CARBON AUSTRALIA
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